Como apagar um kernel no Ubuntu
Com o passar do tempo vão surgindo novas atualizações de kernel, isso vai enchendo o HD de imagens, deixando os kernels antigos ociosos no computador, acumulando espaço. Aqui vou deixar uma maneira bem rápida de como remover estes kernels que não são mais usados por você.O primeiro passo é listar todas as versões de kernel instaladas. Para isso devemos utilizar o comando:
$ dpkg --get-selections | grep linux-image
Vai aparecer uma lista com todas as imagens de kernel instaladas, então é só identificar aquelas que você quer apagar. Depois use o comando:
$ sudo aptitude purge nome_do_pacote
Este comando serve para desinstalar o pacote do HD. Mas se preferir desinstalar em modo gráfico é só abrir o gerenciador de pacotes Synaptic e digitar no campo "Busca rápida" o nome do kernel que quer desinstalar.
Se preferir não desinstalar, mas só retirar da inicialização do Grub (caso tenha boot com Windows e/ou outros), edite o menu.lst e remova as imagens que você quer que não apareçam no boot. Utilize este comando para abrir o menu.lst do grub:
$ sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
Exemplo com base no meu menu.lst após digitar o comando:
$ sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst:
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
# grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
## default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault'.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not use 'savedefault' or your
# array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
default 0
## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 5
## hiddenmenu
# Hides the menu by default (press ESC to see the menu)
#hiddenmenu
# Pretty colours
#color cyan/blue white/blue
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
#
# examples
#
# title Windows 95/98/NT/2000
# root (hd0,0)
# makeactive
# chainloader +1
#
# title Linux
# root (hd0,1)
# kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
#
#
# Put static boot stanzas before and/or after AUTOMAGIC KERNEL LIST
### BEGIN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
## lines between the AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST markers will be modified
## by the debian update-grub script except for the default options below
## DO NOT UNCOMMENT THEM, Just edit them to your needs
## ## Start Default Options ##
## default kernel options
## default kernel options for automagic boot options
## If you want special options for specific kernels use kopt_x_y_z
## where x.y.z is kernel version. Minor versions can be omitted.
## e.g. kopt=root=/dev/hda1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8=root=/dev/hdc1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8_2_686=root=/dev/hdc2 ro
# kopt=root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro
## default grub root device
## e.g. groot=(hd0,0)
# groot=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
## should update-grub create alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. alternative=true
## alternative=false
# alternative=true
## should update-grub lock alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. lockalternative=true
## lockalternative=false
# lockalternative=false
## additional options to use with the default boot option, but not with the
## alternatives
## e.g. defoptions=vga=791 resume=/dev/hda5
# defoptions=quiet splash
## should update-grub lock old automagic boot options
## e.g. lockold=false
## lockold=true
# lockold=false
## Xen hypervisor options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenhopt=
## Xen Linux kernel options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenkopt=console=tty0
## altoption boot targets option
## multiple altoptions lines are allowed
## e.g. altoptions=(extra menu suffix) extra boot options
## altoptions=(recovery) single
# altoptions=(recovery mode) single
## controls how many kernels should be put into the menu.lst
## only counts the first occurence of a kernel, not the
## alternative kernel options
## e.g. howmany=all
## howmany=7
# howmany=all
## specify if running in Xen domU or have grub detect automatically
## update-grub will ignore non-xen kernels when running in domU and vice versa
## e.g. indomU=detect
## indomU=true
## indomU=false
# indomU=detect
## should update-grub create memtest86 boot option
## e.g. memtest86=true
## memtest86=false
# memtest86=true
## should update-grub adjust the value of the default booted system
## can be true or false
# updatedefaultentry=false
## should update-grub add savedefault to the default options
## can be true or false
# savedefault=false
## ## End Default Options ##
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
quiet
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic (recovery mode)
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-14-generic
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-14-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-14-generic
quiet
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-14-generic (recovery mode)
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-14-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-14-generic
title Ubuntu 9.04, memtest86+
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet
### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Other operating systems:
root
# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
# grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
## default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault'.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not use 'savedefault' or your
# array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
default 0
## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 5
## hiddenmenu
# Hides the menu by default (press ESC to see the menu)
#hiddenmenu
# Pretty colours
#color cyan/blue white/blue
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
#
# examples
#
# title Windows 95/98/NT/2000
# root (hd0,0)
# makeactive
# chainloader +1
#
# title Linux
# root (hd0,1)
# kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
#
#
# Put static boot stanzas before and/or after AUTOMAGIC KERNEL LIST
### BEGIN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
## lines between the AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST markers will be modified
## by the debian update-grub script except for the default options below
## DO NOT UNCOMMENT THEM, Just edit them to your needs
## ## Start Default Options ##
## default kernel options
## default kernel options for automagic boot options
## If you want special options for specific kernels use kopt_x_y_z
## where x.y.z is kernel version. Minor versions can be omitted.
## e.g. kopt=root=/dev/hda1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8=root=/dev/hdc1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8_2_686=root=/dev/hdc2 ro
# kopt=root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro
## default grub root device
## e.g. groot=(hd0,0)
# groot=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
## should update-grub create alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. alternative=true
## alternative=false
# alternative=true
## should update-grub lock alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. lockalternative=true
## lockalternative=false
# lockalternative=false
## additional options to use with the default boot option, but not with the
## alternatives
## e.g. defoptions=vga=791 resume=/dev/hda5
# defoptions=quiet splash
## should update-grub lock old automagic boot options
## e.g. lockold=false
## lockold=true
# lockold=false
## Xen hypervisor options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenhopt=
## Xen Linux kernel options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenkopt=console=tty0
## altoption boot targets option
## multiple altoptions lines are allowed
## e.g. altoptions=(extra menu suffix) extra boot options
## altoptions=(recovery) single
# altoptions=(recovery mode) single
## controls how many kernels should be put into the menu.lst
## only counts the first occurence of a kernel, not the
## alternative kernel options
## e.g. howmany=all
## howmany=7
# howmany=all
## specify if running in Xen domU or have grub detect automatically
## update-grub will ignore non-xen kernels when running in domU and vice versa
## e.g. indomU=detect
## indomU=true
## indomU=false
# indomU=detect
## should update-grub create memtest86 boot option
## e.g. memtest86=true
## memtest86=false
# memtest86=true
## should update-grub adjust the value of the default booted system
## can be true or false
# updatedefaultentry=false
## should update-grub add savedefault to the default options
## can be true or false
# savedefault=false
## ## End Default Options ##
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
quiet
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic (recovery mode)
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-14-generic
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-14-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-14-generic
quiet
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-14-generic (recovery mode)
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-14-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-14-generic
title Ubuntu 9.04, memtest86+
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet
### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Other operating systems:
root
# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
Reparem na linha:
## ## End Default Options ##
As imagens são listadas após ela.
Neste caso eu só quero apagar duas imagens do menu.lst, então vou apagar após a opção:
## ## End Default Options ##
toda a linha, title, uuid, kernel e initrd, ficando assim:
## ## End Default Options ##
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
quiet
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic (recovery mode)
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
title Ubuntu 9.04, memtest86+
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet
### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Other operating systems:
root
# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
quiet
title Ubuntu 9.04, kernel 2.6.28-15-generic (recovery mode)
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.28-15-generic root=UUID=a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.28-15-generic
title Ubuntu 9.04, memtest86+
uuid a92fdbc4-b35e-426f-b283-798a3674bd53
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet
### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Other operating systems:
root
# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
Se quiser alterar o tempo de espera para entrar no Linux, vá para a opção timeout. Ex.:
## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 5
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 5
Altere o timeout para quantos segundos quiser, no meu caso deixei com 5, mas você escolhe no seu.
Se você quer alterar a ordem do boot, vá para a opção default. Ex.:
## default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault'.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not use 'savedefault' or your
# array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
default 6
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault'.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not use 'savedefault' or your
# array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
default 6
Observe o número 6, isso quer disser que a title número 7 será a iniciada por padrão, no meu caso seria o Windows XP, antes de ter retirado as outras title.
Por que a 7 e não 6?
Porque ele começa a contar a partir do 0, e o 0 é o número inicial da sua contagem, que para nós seria o 1. Se você deixar o número 0 (zero) ele vai iniciar por padrão a title mais recente instalada, ou seja, o kernel mais recente.
Se você quer alterar o nome que aparece na hora do boot, é só alterar o nome que aparece depois do title. No meu caso fiz com a title do Windows, que era:
# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Microsoft Windows XP Profissional
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
E deixei somente assim:
# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
# on /dev/sda1
title Windows XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1
Espero ter ajudado!
